LFCA Sample Questions & Answers

The core functionality of rsync is its delta-transfer algorithm, which is enabled by default. This algorithm intelligently calculates the differences between the source and destination files and only transfers the changed blocks. Options like -a, -v, and -z modify other aspects of the transfer (like preserving permissions, providing verbose output, and compressing data), but the delta transfer is inherent to how rsync operates.

Permissive licenses, such as the MIT, BSD, or Apache 2.0 licenses, have minimal restrictions on how the software can be used. They allow the code to be integrated into proprietary software without requiring the resulting work to also be open source. Their main condition is the preservation of the original copyright and license notices. A copyleft license like the GPL would require derivative works to also be released under the GPL.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) provides virtualized computing resources over the internet. It offers the highest level of control, as the organization is responsible for managing the operating system, applications, and middleware. This model is equivalent to having a virtual machine in the cloud, which perfectly matches the requirement for full control over the OS and software.

The statement is false. The core principle of a Zero Trust model is 'never trust, always verify.' It assumes that the internal network is no more secure than the external network. Every access request must be authenticated and authorized, regardless of whether it originates from inside or outside the network perimeter.

The diagram correctly illustrates a typical CI/CD pipeline. The Continuous Integration (CI) part includes compiling code and running tests upon commit. The Continuous Deployment (CD) part involves automatically packaging the application and deploying it to an environment like staging. This automated, sequential workflow is the foundation of CI/CD.

Scrum is an Agile framework that uses fixed-length iterations called sprints to deliver increments of the product. It is designed to handle changing requirements and encourages frequent feedback.

Kanban is another Agile methodology that focuses on visualizing work, limiting work in progress, and maximizing flow. It is highly flexible and allows for continuous delivery, making it well-suited for projects with evolving priorities.

To ensure a system can survive the failure of an entire data center (Availability Zone), it is crucial to implement redundancy. This means deploying critical components of the application across multiple, physically isolated Availability Zones. If one fails, traffic can be redirected to the healthy instances in the other zones, ensuring high availability.

The principle of least privilege dictates that users, applications, and systems should only have access to the information and resources that are absolutely necessary for their legitimate purposes. This minimizes the potential damage from accidents or security breaches.

A Dockerfile is a text document that contains a series of commands and instructions that are executed in sequence to assemble a container image. It serves as a blueprint for creating images in a consistent and repeatable manner, which is a core concept of Infrastructure as Code.

The top command (and its more user-friendly alternative htop) provides a real-time, dynamic view of the processes running on a system. It displays a summary of system information, including CPU and memory usage, and a list of processes sorted by resource consumption. This allows an administrator to watch the memory usage of the web application's process over time to identify a potential leak.